Which of the following effects may be caused by chronic exposure to chemicals?

Chronic exposure to chemicals can lead to a wide range of adverse health effects, which is why the selection of all possible effects is the correct answer. Chronic exposure refers to the long-term exposure to a chemical substance over extended periods, often at lower levels than those that cause immediate reactions.

Skin irritation may occur as a response to ongoing contact with certain chemicals, particularly solvents and irritants. However, it typically manifests with short-term exposure, making this effect more relevant to acute scenarios rather than chronic.

Central nervous system effects can result from prolonged exposure to neurotoxic substances, such as heavy metals or solvents. Symptoms can include difficulties with memory, cognitive processing, or motor functions, which develop over time.

Cancer stands out as one of the most concerning potential outcomes of chronic chemical exposure. Numerous carcinogens, such as benzene and certain pesticides, have been linked to the prolonged risk of developing various forms of cancer after long-term exposure.

Considering that chronic exposure can cause all three effects—skin irritation, central nervous system issues, and cancer—option encompasses the full spectrum of potential health impacts associated with long-term chemical exposure.